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writing

Real Time

I was fortunate enough to be in the path of totality for Monday’s solar eclipse, and so I’m changing my typical routine a bit here, to write about that experience.    

As might be expected for the confluence of a total solar eclipse and National Poetry Writing Month, I also have written multiple Twitter poems celebrating the event!  I’ll be glad to revisit the experience next spring in “translating” those, but I’d also like to write more spontaneously for once. I’ll skip to the prose, since the eclipse itself provided ample poetry. 

(In terms of structure, without the constraints typically imposed on these posts by the Twitter limericks, I’ll simply give myself an hour and be quite aware of my lack of content-area knowledge, which should keep the word count manageable.)  

***

I asked my students this semester to write briefly about two things in reflecting on the eclipse: what observation(s) most surprised them and what connection(s) they could make to other courses or experiences.  I suppose that, to be fair, I should do the same.  

Rather than pick out one specific observation, I’ll describe my own day.  The morning was that of a typical Monday; I went to campus to teach, although there was a definite mood of excitement as everyone discussed where they were going in the afternoon.  Home was nearer the center of the eclipse path than work was, and so I drove home to see a few extra seconds of totality, grabbing my eclipse glasses and a folding chair, finding others gathered around my apartment complex’s gazebo as we turned our sights to the afternoon sky. 

I personally found the drop in temperature to be the most striking phenomenon, as totality approached.  It had been an exceedingly warm day for early April, and the new chill in the air was palpable. The sense of “immediate” twilight was also notable; automatic lights started turning on everywhere as we passed 3:10 p.m.  Totality itself was astounding; I have read and viewed excellent resources in many settings, but they could not compare to actually seeing the corona, the diamond-ring effects, the sudden daytime emergence of Venus (faintly visible to the bottom right of the sun, in the top third of my photo posted here).    

Where I live, totality was brief– around a minute or so.  I was envious of those who could travel closer to the center of the path but simultaneously grateful for each second I’d been able to see.  Very quickly, enough of the sun was visible again that it seemed like a typical afternoon, though I stayed outside watching (with appropriate eyewear!) through the remainder of the eclipse.  In this fifth consecutive spring semester of urgent routine, it was a welcome gift to have an occasion that could not be shifted to asynchronous or online, to which attention had to be paid at the moment.                  

In terms of connections I can make, those have been increasing all week.  I had primarily been thinking of the partial eclipses I’d experienced in 1994 and 2017, before and during the event on Monday.  I have strong memories of watching the effects of the light in a shoebox pinhole projector during a day in middle school, of hearing reports from those who traveled a few states south to totality from campus in 2017. 

What was fascinating as the day went on was that images of a long, long-past (1980s-era) picture book of the sun began to arise; this was where I’d first seen photographs of a solar flare. As an early reader, I had been appalled and nervous to see this odd, almost-animal-like shape lurching off the surface of the sun (my kindergarten-era thinking had been resolute: “It’s supposed to be a circle!  With lines coming out of it!”).  Searching to identify the specific book was a lost cause, given how prevalent “the sun” is in titles across disciplines and decades, but the photo available at this encyclopedia entry seems to be about what I remember.  I found it somewhat appropriate that the memory re-emerged as time passed, given the theme of the day, and fun to reflect on how my own path through STEM data and literature had progressed from those early days.   

I’ve also greatly appreciated the way family, friends, and people far and wide shared photos and impressions across text chains, social media, and newspaper accounts.  Excitement around a science-themed event is always wonderful to see. I found one story in The Washington Post particularly moving: a then-first-year science teacher had shared with his class in 1978 (the last time their location had been in totality) that they should all meet up again in 2024, when they could see a total solar eclipse again, looking at that then-far-off date on the calendar.  On Monday, they did.  

As I careen towards an hour in this decidedly draft-y writing, I am thus reminded again of the interlocking rubaiyat: how its poetic structure (AABA, BBCB, CCDC, etc.) flings a grappling hook of rhyme and structure forward into the next stanza, giving the writer at least a hint of where to start, making sure the poem continues on.  Similarly, a day like Monday invites us to think deliberately across decades, rather than days, inspiring reflections on the past and hopes for the future.

Eclipses themselves are, of course, incredibly concrete and precise in their definitions and predictions; countless maps and records can show us already where and when the next several solar eclipses will be.  However, the facts that they will demand attention and that we can choose the form of that attention when the junctures arise: those are both points that will endure.  

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Science Poetry

Driving Home

“Remarkable, notable quality–
A book’s fundamental centrality
In reading’s conjunctions
Of path and state functions:
Safe travels and home’s hospitality.”

The next Twitter limerick continued the focus of National Library Week 2023; it was posted on 28 April 2023.  As with the past few poems, it highlighted a specific writer’s quote that overlapped in an interesting way with a chemistry concept.  

Here, the original quote was from renowned author Anna Quindlen, in How Reading Changed My Life: “Books are the plane, and the train, and the road.  They are the destination, and the journey.  They are home.”  

“Remarkable, notable quality– /
A book’s fundamental centrality /
In reading’s conjunctions /
Of path and state functions…”

I return often, on this website, to the metaphorical values of state and path functions. State functions, like altitude, are mathematical functions that can be evaluated simply by knowing the initial and final state of the system (the starting and ending points); path functions, like distance, require knowledge about the specific path (what’s in between). 

Different aspects of these mathematical approaches are helpful to chemists in different ways.  For instance, the value of the change in a state function for a cyclic process can be set equal to zero, since the initial and final states are the same. The system ends up right where it started, simplifying several resulting mathematical applications.  (With respect to this last note and its overlap with this quote and poem, I also always think of another famous literary quote, G. K. Chesterton’s statement that “[t]here are two ways of getting home; and one of them is to stay there.  The other is to walk round the whole world until we come back to the same place.”)   

Anna Quindlen’s quote evokes aspects of both path and state functions: celebrating the immense and wide-ranging values of books, naming their abilities to both transport and comfort.  Readers take epic journeys from the comfort of their living rooms; they also bring familiar narratives along when they face challenges or travels of their own.  A book accompanies the reader along their path; it also welcomes them home. Reading is a “conjunction of path and state function.”     

“Safe travels and home’s hospitality.”   

The last line summed up the poem’s theme, juxtaposing guided adventure and welcome return.

Categories
Science Poetry

Bring to Light

“Consider task seeming-inordinate:
Turn chaos to narrative order.  Yet,
Steps infinitesimal
Will sum to path epical:
Illumined reaction coordinate.”

The 27 April 2023 Twitter limerick again fell during National Library Week; as with the previous post, it highlighted a famous quote about writing, relating it to the context of a chemistry theme.  This particular quote was from E. L. Doctorow, award-winning author of Ragtime and many other novels.  

Doctorow said: “Writing is like driving at night in the fog.  You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.”  (I have seen a few different phrasings of this quote over time, but the themes and central images remain the same.)

“Consider task seeming-inordinate: /
Turn chaos to narrative order….”

In writing, one processes initially-chaotic information (whether it takes the form of quantitative data or qualitative events) into some kind of narrative order. 

This can seem a daunting (“inordinate”) task, regardless of whether the goal is a book, an essay, a journal article, etc.

“…Yet, /
Steps infinitesimal /
Will sum to path epical…”

This portion of the poem directly references Doctorow’s quote.  A writer doesn’t have to produce an entire essay, article, or book every time they sit down.  The accumulation of the accomplishments of a regular routine (of the daily “steps infinitesimal,” over time) will ultimately “sum to path epical,” adding up to the total work in question.  Using Doctorow’s imagery, the headlights might only illuminate a small stretch of the road ahead, but that is enough for one day’s progress to contribute to the course of an epic journey.  

“Illumined reaction coordinate.”

In chemistry terms, this quote suggests the image of a reaction coordinate: a graphical depiction of the energetic costs and benefits incurred as reactants progress toward products over time.  A reaction coordinate looks very much like a journey through mountains and valleys, perhaps illuminated a few feet (or meters!) at a time.  

Routine is one of the most common suggestions or discussions for aspiring and established writers, but it can be remarkably hard to establish in the hubbub of everyday life.  Doctorow’s quote highlights the value of finding even a few moments per day to make some progress.  

Likewise, the balance between the small distance accomplished a few steps at a time and the picture created by the overall path is one that echoes in both writing and chemistry. 

Categories
Science Poetry

Novel Synthesis

“Analytic acts: retrosynthetic,
Deconstructive towards efforts mimetic.
Then, new thoughts’ connections,
In forward directions,
Yield efforts most novel-poetic.”

The National Library Week routine continued with the 26 Aprll 2023 post. Rather than reference a specific book, this particular limerick commemorated an insightful quote about writing from renowned author and educator Toni Morrison: “Teaching is about taking things apart; writing is about putting things together.”  

Here, the poem noted some analogies between the different techniques used in retrospective analysis and in creative work, in both literature and chemistry.  

“Analytic acts: retrosynthetic, /
Deconstructive towards efforts mimetic…”

Toni Morrison lived from 1933 to 2019; she won countless awards for her writing, including the Nobel Prize for Literature and a Pulitzer Prize.  She was also on the faculty of multiple colleges, including Princeton University.  

The first half of her quote (“Teaching is about taking things apart”) highlights the role of analysis in learning about literature: deconstructing a given work to better understand how the component elements combine.  

Encountering this quote for the first time, I was reminded of retrosynthesis in organic chemistry: working backwards from a target molecule to its starting materials.  

The goal in both cases would ultimately be completing an “effort mimetic”: a comparable creative endeavor that could be completed independently.   

“Then, new thoughts’ connections, /
In forward directions, /
Yield efforts most novel-poetic.”

The completion of Morrison’s memorable quote, (“…writing is about putting things together”)  is summarized in the latter three lines of this limerick.  

Once someone has had a chance to better understand a written work by taking it apart, they will also have more knowledge and a larger skill set with respect to “new thoughts’ connections / in forward direction”: in other words, writing something of their own. 

Similarly, a chemist who considers the retrosynthesis of a target molecule all the way back to accessible starting materials does so to ultimately devise a feasible synthesis (a set of “forward” reactions) to that target.  

“Novel-poetic” is a closing phrase that both summarizes two common types of creative writing endeavors (novels and poetry) and highlights the idea of a “novel synthesis” in chemistry: one that breaks new ground toward an important target molecule for the first time. 

Categories
Science Poetry

Time and Again

“A narrative’s long-lived themes, holding;  
An interest in STEM concepts, molding:
A landmark of fiction 
Defies circumscription 
With wrinkle in time still unfolding.”

The 25 April 2023 limerick commemorated one of my favorite books, Madeleine L’Engle’s A Wrinkle in Time.  Like the previous poem, it was posted during National Library Week 2023.  

“A narrative’s long-lived themes, holding; /
An interest in STEM concepts, molding…”

A Wrinkle in Time is the book I’ve probably read the most over my lifetime.  I’ve encountered it multiple times in both classroom assignments and leisure reading, always engrossed by its blend of literature, science, and philosophy, along with its compelling narrative (to which the word constraints of this post cannot do justice!). 

I’ve written before in this site about its focus on poetic structure, in particular, and the echoes of those ideas in my own writing routines.  Reading the book for the first time in elementary school was the first time I’d encountered the scientific terms and concepts shared in its pages, some of which have echoed through the decades since.  

The book both “[holds] long-lived themes” and has, for me, “[molded] an interest in STEM concepts.”  

A landmark of fiction /
Defies circumscription /
With wrinkle in time still unfolding.”

The book is beloved by a wide audience; it won the Newbery Medal in 1963 and is constantly held up as a “landmark of fiction.”  The novel defies neat categorization: it has elements of science fiction and fantasy, but its resonance crosses many disciplinary lines.

In an interview with Horn Book twenty years after A Wrinkle in Time’s publication, L’Engle famously said: “I cannot possibly tell you how I came to write it. It was simply a book I had to write. I had no choice.  It was only after it was written that I realized what some of it meant.”  This balance between inspired breakthrough and retroactive recognition has likewise stayed with me, as an illustration of the creative process.  

Categories
Science Poetry

Right to Read

“Some unit conversions are gen’rable
From temperature-title most ven’rable,
But data retention
In SI dimensions—
Kelvin 506— seems far less mem’rable.”

The next poem was posted on 24 April 2023 in honor of Right to Read Day, specifically. It kicked off a week wherein I aimed to highlight chemistry-adjacent themes from famous authors, in terms of their books or quotes about writing or reading.  This first limerick noted Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 in the context of a temperature conversion.  

“Some unit conversions are gen’rable /
From temperature-title most ven’rable…”

Dimensional analysis is a common skill developed in General Chemistry coursework.  It is often useful to quickly convert from one unit to another: for instance, to be able to express a volume in cubic meters or in liters, or to express a velocity in miles per hour or meters per second. These steps are called unit conversions.

Bradbury’s book is celebrated as a classic and was a focal point of 2023’s Right to Read Week.  The “temperature-title” is venerable.  

“But data retention
In SI dimensions—
Kelvin 506— seems far less mem’rable.”

The title of Fahrenheit 451 was based on the ignition temperature of paper, given the initial role of Bradbury’s protagonist as a “fireman”: in the novel’s dystopian future setting, one who burns books.  (The character refrains from that role over the course of the plot and resolves instead to help preserve literature.)

It is possible to generate temperature expressions using a wide range of units: “the unit conversions are gen’rable.”  Via these unit conversions, the temperature of 451 degrees Fahrenheit is equivalent to 506 Kelvin or to 233 degrees Celsius. 

However, as the poem notes, Bradbury’s famous title “seems far less memorable” when expressed on other scales, specifically the SI (International System) unit for temperature, which is the Kelvin, abbreviated as K. 

Categories
Science Poetry

Natural Philosophy

“Of heaven and earth, often dreaming
In one’s philosophic name-scheming;
Still more things observing–
Consid’ring unswerving–
With world full of wonders still-teeming.”

The 23 April 2023 Twitter limerick was posted in honor of William Shakespeare’s birthday.  This April date has been one of my favorites to commemorate over what have now been five NaPoWriMo (National Poetry Writing Month) routines.  

“Of heaven and earth, often dreaming /
In one’s philosophic name-scheming…”

This year’s poem alludes to a famous exchange from Hamlet.

“HORATIO.
O day and night, but this is wondrous strange.

HAMLET.
And therefore as a stranger give it welcome. /
There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, /
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.”

Shakespeare’s Hamlet; Act One, Scene Five

In context, the lines refer to Hamlet’s recent sighting of his father’s ghost, but the quote has been much more generalized in several other settings (including this one!).  

“Still more things observing– /
Consid’ring unswerving– /
With world full of wonders still-teeming.”

In this poem’s case, the idea of “more things in heaven and earth… than are dreamt of” seems a resonant phrase across disciplines, emphasizing imagination, observation, and creativity.  I also liked the link possible between the roles of natural philosophy (historically) and science.  Revisiting a phrase from line two, “philosophic name-scheming” was a phrase that both noted Horatio and Hamlet’s discussion and hearkened back to last year’s poem.  The latter had emphasized some links between roles of the poet and the scientist, in observing and naming phenomena, as commemorated in A Midsummer Night’s Dream.  

***

This will be a relatively prosaic piece compared to last year’s (“more matter, with less art” often seems an unintentional theme of this 2024 sequence of essays, in a busy semester).  However, it is again helpful to contemplate that spring, with all the highlights therein, is in sight. 

Categories
Science Poetry

The Greening Spring

“An annual consideration
With Earth Day’s April inspiration: 
The theme of year’s telling
Is algae, excelling:
Green chemistry’s spring celebration!”

The next Twitter limerick was posted on Earth Day (22 April) 2023 and finally shifted away from the relatively dry subject of reaction arrow notation!    

“An annual consideration /
With Earth Day’s April inspiration…”

Earth Day began as a celebration in 1970; it is held annually on April 22.  In parallel with this global celebration, the American Chemical Society highlights “Earth Week,” devoting the week including April 22 to a theme related in some way to environmental science.  

“The theme of year’s telling /
Is algae, excelling…” 

Themes for this chemistry-adjacent celebration of Earth Week vary from year to year.  In 2020, for the fiftieth anniversary of Earth Day, the theme was sustainability; in 2021, reducing the carbon footprint; in 2022, insect chemistry.  

In 2023, as highlighted in this poem, the focus was “the curious chemistry of amazing algae,” noting the role algae can play in biofuel development and other environmental-chemistry-adjacent topics.  Given the rhythm inherent in the limerick, “algae, excelling” became a better metric fit.  

“Green chemistry’s spring celebration!”

The last line summarized algae’s potential role for sustainability… and acknowledged its particularly fitting green color for such an annual celebration.  

The title of this post came, somewhat randomly, from a piece that E. B. White wrote within his book Trumpet of the Swan.  The song, “Ever in the Greening Spring,” came to mind when I saw “green” and “spring” adjacent in this final line. Here in the midst of February, that season still seems a bit distant; it’s helpful to remember it is on the horizon.

Categories
Science Poetry

End of An Arrow

“Curved arrows, the last in this series,
Address mechanistic-themed theories.
Show electrons’ movements
Through stepwise confluence;
Investigate synthetic queries.”

The 21 April 2023 Twitter limerick was the last to focus on a specific type of arrow used in chemical notation.  It highlighted the curved arrows that are prevalent in organic chemistry mechanisms.  

“Curved arrows, the last in this series, /
Address mechanistic-themed theories.”

Curved arrows are a convention used in organic chemistry to illustrate organic mechanisms: the depictions by which chemists map the theoretical step-by-step progress of multi-step chemical reactions.  I had mentioned these in an earlier poem and post from this month’s endeavor, and that poem then inspired a more deliberate focus on such notation, over the course of an entire week.  

“Show electrons’ movements /
Through stepwise confluence…” 

Electron flow is the phenomenon that drives organic chemistry, as nucleophiles (electron-rich species) donate their electrons to electrophiles (electron-poor species).  An organic mechanism is written as a series of steps in which electrons’ movements (more precisely, the movement of electron pairs) are illustrated, one step at a time.       

“Investigate synthetic queries.”

Why are arrow-pushing mechanisms useful?  They can allow organic chemists to ponder the feasibility of a particular “synthetic query,” better understanding why certain products form from certain reactants.   

***

A curved arrow is interpreted as showing the movement of the electron pair, which starts at the tail of the arrow and ends at the head of the arrow, in a given reaction step, as can be seen in some of the links from last year’s focus on mechanisms.  Each “end of an arrow” has a specific meaning for an organic chemist, in terms of the curved-arrow notation.

Moreover, I simply could not avoid the pun (on “end of an era”) as a title here; as with the series of essays on enthalpy way back in 2020 or on kinetics in 2022, this was an undeniably dense set of posts.  I’ll return to some less jargon-dependent rhymes in the weeks ahead!      

Categories
Science Poetry

On Average

“A resonance arrow, specific
In theory portrayed, scientific:
See multiple structures
Advance, through their juncture, 
Amount of chem info prolific.”

The 20 April 2023 Twitter limerick celebrated yet another type of arrow.  This one is called the resonance arrow, and it communicates information about bonding in molecules.  

“A resonance arrow, specific /
In theory portrayed, scientific…” 

The resonance arrow is a single line with a double-headed arrow on either side:

This arrow communicates information for a single molecular species (rather than a reaction or process), by acknowledging the specific concepts of resonance theory.  

“See multiple structures /
Advance, through their juncture, /
Amount of chem info prolific.”

Ozone (O3) is an example of a molecule that exhibits resonance.  I have shown below two Lewis structures that can be drawn for the molecule ozone (O3), connected by a resonance arrow.  Structure 1 has a double bond (two lines) between oxygen A and oxygen B and a single bond (one line) between oxygen B and oxygen C.  Structure 2 has a single bond between oxygen A and oxygen B and a double bond between oxygen B and oxygen C.    

The true picture of ozone is that each of its two bonding regions (one between A and B; one between B and C) is essentially “one and a half“ bonds; in other words, we need to mentally average the two structures shown to truly understand what is going on.

Structures 1 and 2 are thus called resonance structures, and their “average” is called the resonance hybrid.  Experimental support here includes the identical lengths for ozone’s two bonding regions and the fact that those bonds (128 picometers, or pm) are shorter than a single bond (143 pm) and longer than a double bond (121 pm) between oxygen atoms. 

In other words, we have to acknowledge the “juncture” of “multiple structures,” to better understand a molecule that exhibits resonance.  (This can all seem quite complex in its initial presentation!  The verse, as always, gives an overview only.)